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焊接作業(yè)健康安全

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Welding Health and Safety
焊接作業(yè)健康安全
備注：1
Hazards
危害性 
Welding has both “Apparent” hazards and “Hidden” hazards. Apparent hazards are those which can be easily identified. Hidden hazards are those not seen and often forgotten.
焊接分明顯的危害和隱藏的危害，明顯的危害是容易鑒定而隱藏的危害是不明顯而且容易忽略的。
Some of these are: 
Electrical Shock                                                 觸電 
Over exposure to arc radiation                           電弧光輻射 
Fumes and gasses                                               有害的煙和氣
Burns and fire                                                     灼傷和火災(zāi) 
Compressed gas cylinders                                  壓力容器 
Noise                                                                   噪音 
備注：2
Electrical Safety
電氣安全
Electric shock and electrocution are possible hazards with all welding processes.
在整個(gè)焊接過程中，觸電和電擊是可能存在的危害。
①
備注：3
Electrical Safety
電氣安全
Fuse or Breaker panel
保險(xiǎn)絲或者斷路面板 
Power Supply cables
電源線
Internal parts of the power source
電源內(nèi)部零件 
Exposed wires on the welding lead.
焊接端面上的裸線 
Contact with the electrode and the work piece.
電極和工件之間的連接
Wet gloves or skin.
濕的手套或者外套 
The primary side:
主要方面:
The secondary side:
次級(jí)方面:
There are two different areas of concern. 
有兩個(gè)不同的區(qū)域需要注意。
①
備注：4
Primary side power is normally is high amperage/high  voltage. The welder should not work in this area. It should left up to a qualified maintenance person.
初級(jí)電源通常是高電流/電壓,焊工不應(yīng)工作在這個(gè)區(qū)域。它應(yīng)該由一個(gè)合格的維護(hù)人操作。
Notice:
注意：
備注：5
Electrical Safety
電氣安全
①
AC Current
交流電
Paralyzes voluntary muscles.肌肉麻痹 
AC is the primary power for welding which is much higher than the output welding current.
交流電主電源處電壓比輸出端高很多
DC Current
直流電
DC Current can cause sever internal burns but does not paralyze muscles.
直流電能引起嚴(yán)重的內(nèi)部燃燒，但不會(huì)使肌肉麻痹 
Question:
Which is more dangerous?
哪個(gè)更危險(xiǎn)？
AC Current or DC Current？
交流電或直流電？
Answer:
In GMAW, AC current is more dangerous.
氣體保護(hù)電弧焊中，交流電是更加危險(xiǎn)的。
備注：6
Electrical Safety
電氣安全
①
Work Return Lead vs. Ground. 
工作回路引線和接地
The work return lead is often referred to as the ground. 
工作回路引線有點(diǎn)像接地
Work return and grounding are two different things. 
但是接地和工作回路引線是兩種不同的事情。 
備注：7
Electrical Safety
電氣安全
①
Grounding is：
接地是：
A cable attached to a copper rod driven into the ground.
電纜聯(lián)接銅棒插入地下。
Its purpose is to carry away current in case of a transformer fault, power surge, or stray voltage.
它的目的將使在變壓器故障,電力高峰及短路情況下把電流導(dǎo)入地下。
A Work Return Lead is:
工作回路引線是:
A cable attached to the work piece.
電纜被連接到工件上。
Its purpose is to create a complete circuit for welding.
它的目的是使焊接時(shí)建立一條完全回路。 
備注：8
Connecting the Work Return lead 
連接工作回路引線
Electrical Safety
電氣安全
①
Proper connection is very important ，because the welding current will find the easiest path back to the Power source. 
正確的連接非常重要,因?yàn)楹附与娏鲗⑷菀渍业椒祷氐焦β试吹穆窂?。
Possibly through the building if there is a metal floor.
容易通過金屬平臺(tái)穿過建筑。
Through an attached lifting device such as an overhead crane.
通過一個(gè)附屬的起重裝置例如一架吊車 。
 Through power tools if other operations being performed on the assembly you are welding on.
當(dāng)在焊接時(shí)如果有組裝的時(shí)候，通過一個(gè)手動(dòng)工具。
備注：9
Possible current return paths.
目前可能的返回路徑。
Through overhead lifting devices.
通過起重設(shè)備
Through metal plates that may be placed in the floor for other functions.
通過放在地上的金屬板或類似物品
Through power tools used for other operations on the same unit.
在同一個(gè)產(chǎn)品上操作時(shí)，通過電動(dòng)工具
Electrical Safety
電氣安全
①
備注：10
Electrical Safety Tips: Power Source
電氣安全提示：電源
Should be installed and serviced by a qualified electrician or maintenance person.
持有電工證的電工或則維修人員安裝電源和維護(hù)。
Avoid working near primary side power cables.
避免在主要電源端附近工作。
Never run over primary side or any other power cables with a forklift. Also, be careful not to drop heavy objects on power cords. Damage to the outer casing can result and expose the conductor underneath.
絕對(duì)不能使用叉車壓住主要電源端和任何電源線。同樣，小心不要掉重物在電源線上。破壞電器箱將會(huì)是使導(dǎo)體裸露。
Electrical Safety
電氣安全
①
備注：11
Electrical Safety Tips: Welding Equipment
電氣安全提示：焊接設(shè)備
Check cables for worn or cut insulation.
檢查電源線是否磨損或者絕緣斷開 。
Let your supervisor know if damage is found so maintenance can be called. 
如果發(fā)現(xiàn)破壞，通知你的主管讓維修人員去修理。
Electrical Safety
電氣安全
①
備注：12
Electrical Safety Tips: Protective Clothing
電氣安全提示：防護(hù)服
Wear proper gloves that are dry and free of holes.
穿那些干燥的且有通氣孔的特制的手套
Wear rubber soled safety shoes.
穿橡膠制作的安全鞋
Electrical Safety
電氣安全
①
備注：13
Electrical Safety Tips: Work Return Lead
電氣安全提示：工作回路引線
Make sure the work return lead is properly connected near the point of welding and makes good electrical connection. 
確定工作回路引線是被正確的夾在焊接點(diǎn)的附近和確保有好的電氣連接。免費(fèi)資料關(guān)注公眾號(hào):安全生產(chǎn)管理。
Do not place the power source on a floor that could conduct welding current.
不要將電源放置在能導(dǎo)電的地面上。
Never leave an overhead crane or other lifting device connected to the assembly being welded. Current can travel back through these devices and cause very serious damage.
不要把吊機(jī)或是其它起重設(shè)備連接在正在焊接的產(chǎn)品上。通過這些設(shè)備電流能夠回流，也能引起非常嚴(yán)重的破壞。
Electrical Safety
電氣安全
①
備注：免費(fèi)資料關(guān)注公眾號(hào):安全生產(chǎn)管理
Electrical Safety Tips: In case of Electrical Shock
電氣安全提示：假如發(fā)生電擊
If possible, turn the power off immediately.
如有可能，立即關(guān)閉電源。
Do not try to pull the victim free while in contact with the electrical power.
不要試圖去推開那些正觸電的受害者。
Activate the EMS (emergency medical system), call 120. Alert first responders according to protocols posted near the phones in the shop.
啟動(dòng)急救系統(tǒng)，呼叫120 。向廠房里電話邊張貼的負(fù)責(zé)人提供警報(bào)。
Electrical Safety
電氣安全
①
備注：15
Ultraviolet –UV                  紫外線
Visible                                可見光
Infrared - (IR)                  紅外線
Arc Radiation
電弧輻射 
②
The welding arc emits three types of radiation. 焊接時(shí)有三種輻射產(chǎn)生。
備注：16
Short wavelength UV causes “Arc eye” or “Welders flash”
短波紫外線引起的眼病。
UV in the range of 300-400 Nano-Meters (NM) has been associated with the formation of cataracts.
紫外線引起白內(nèi)障。
Infrared and Visible light can cause burns and retinal lesions.
紅外線和可見光損壞視網(wǎng)膜。
Arc Radiation
電弧輻射 
②
備注：17
The most common type of eye injury from radiation is “arc eye” or “welders flash”.
最常見的眼病，從輻射是“紅眼”或“電光性眼炎”。
Several hours after exposure, you’re eyes will feel like there is sand in them and will be red and swollen.
眼睛曝光幾個(gè)小時(shí)后，會(huì)覺得像有沙子，他們將變紅和腫脹。
The effects are short lived and can be treated by a visit to the emergency room where drops can be administered to correct this condition.
影響是短暫的。到急診室處理有助于緩解和改善這樣的狀況。
However, the eyes can be permanently damaged by intense exposure over time.
然而，曝光時(shí)間過長的話，視力將會(huì)永久的傷害。
Arc Radiation
電弧輻射 
②
備注：18
Clear Plastic lenses and side shields will block short wave UV and help avoid exposure.
透明膠鏡片將阻止短波紫外線，并有助于避免曝光。
UV in the range of 300 to 400 Nano-Meters, Infrared, and visible light are not blocked by clear plastic. The correct shade of filter plate needs to be used to prevent exposure. 
透明膠鏡片不可以攔住300~400納米范圍的紫外線，紅外線和可見光的。需要選用正確的濾光片來防止曝光。
Arc Radiation
電弧輻射 
②
備注：19
Arc Radiation
電弧輻射 
②
The following slide is a chart of recommended filter plate shades for different welding processes and current levels.
以下說明不同的焊接時(shí)需要不同濾光片的種類。
備注：20
Arc radiation can cause a condition very much like sunburn.
電弧輔射可能導(dǎo)致很多象曬斑的情況
The hazard is increased by higher amperage and argon based gas.
更高的安培數(shù)和氬氣體會(huì)增加危險(xiǎn) 
Arc Radiation
電弧輻射 
②
Proper welding clothes such as sleeves, cape sleeves, aprons, and a helmet should be worn for protection.
穿適當(dāng)?shù)暮附臃b例如袖子，護(hù)袖，圍裙，頭盔將保護(hù)身體。 
Screens and protective barriers should be in place to protect non-welders in the area.
防曬霜和防護(hù)墻在焊接區(qū)域應(yīng)該是保護(hù)非焊工。 
Sun screen can be used to protect exposed skin. 
防曬霜可以被用于保護(hù)暴露的皮膚 
備注：21
Highly reflective materials such as aluminum, stainless steel, and galvanized increase the risk of exposure.
高度反射性材料例如鋁，不銹鋼和鍍鋅增加曝光的風(fēng)險(xiǎn) 
Arc radiation is reflected off these materials and causes injury to the back of the neck or other exposed areas.
弧輻射被反射這些材料并且造成傷害到脖子或其他被暴露的區(qū)域的后面 
Proper clothing or sun screen can help eliminate or minimize the exposure.
適當(dāng)?shù)囊挛锘蛘陉査赡軒椭麥缁蚴蛊毓鉁p到最小 
Arc Radiation
電弧輻射 
②
備注：22
Causes of Fumes and Gasses.
煙塵和廢氣產(chǎn)生的原因。
Fumes and Gasses
煙塵和廢氣 
③
Because of the variables in fume and gas generation with different welding processes, we will need to treat the subject in a very generalized way.
由于發(fā)煙和氣體不同的焊接過程產(chǎn)生不同煙和氣，我們將需要制定一個(gè)廣泛的方式對(duì)待這個(gè)問題 。
Fume and gasses can be hazardous if proper ventilation is not used.
如果沒有適當(dāng)?shù)目諝饬鲃?dòng)，發(fā)煙和氣體是很危害的。
備注：23
Contaminants in the weld plume:
焊接中的污染物：
Particulate matter in the weld plume gives the plume it’s color. 
特殊的物質(zhì)在焊接中產(chǎn)生它自己特有的顏色。
The particulate is composed primarily of oxidized filler metal, base metal, and any coatings found on the base metal.
微粒物質(zhì)主要由被氧化的填充金屬、母材和所有覆蓋在母材上的東西 。
Welders should take care to avoid breathing the fumes because of the potential associated health hazards.
焊工應(yīng)當(dāng)心避免吸入煙塵,因?yàn)樗c身體建康相關(guān)聯(lián)。
Aluminum and Iron particles can cause dust disease of the lunges if levels are high enough and occur over a long period of time.
鋁和鐵微粒可能導(dǎo)致刺的積塵病，如果量是足夠多和長時(shí)間。 。
Fumes and Gasses
煙塵和廢氣 
③
備注：24
Contaminants in the weld plume:
焊接中的污染物：
Some metals pose a more serious health hazard.
一些金屬構(gòu)成更嚴(yán)重的健康危害
It is very important to use all available safety devices when working with these materials:
它是很重要的當(dāng)與這些材料一起使用時(shí)，使用所有可利用的保險(xiǎn)裝
Manganese, found in Aluminum (3003), can effect the central nervous system, resulting in impaired speech and movement.
錳與鋁(3003)焊接，可能影響中央神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)，造成語言和行動(dòng)功能受損。
Fumes from stainless steel and other specialized consumables have the potential to contain certain compounds of Chromium and/or nickel. Some of these compounds are known or suspected to have caused lung cancer in processes other than welding.
從不銹鋼的發(fā)煙和其他專業(yè)消費(fèi)品有潛力包含鉻和鎳某些化合物。 除焊接之外，其中一些化合物在過程中知道或被懷疑有導(dǎo)致的肺癌 。
Fumes and Gasses
煙塵和廢氣 
③
備注：25
Contaminants in the weld plume:
焊接中的污染物：
The most common coating found at Greenheck is Zinc, which is the coating found on Galvanized or Galvaneal material.
在格林瀚克最主要的涂層材料是鍍鋅板,是一種電鍍或熱鍍鋅的材料。
Zinc melts between 800° and 900° and is easily vaporized by the welding arc. 
鋅融化在800度到900度之間,通過焊弧很易蒸發(fā),。
The resulting fume is Zinc Oxide.
隨之發(fā)生煙是氧化鋅。
Zinc Oxide, in large enough quantities can cause “Zinc Fever” or “Metal Fume Fever”.
氧化鋅，在足夠大的數(shù)量，可引起自然或金屬灰發(fā)燒。
Fumes and Gasses
煙塵和廢氣 
③
備注：26
Fumes and Gasses
煙塵和廢氣 
③
Contaminants in the weld plume:
焊接中的污染物：
Cause 原因	Effect 結(jié)果
Zinc（Galvanized Steel）
涂鋅（鍍鋅鋼）	Exposure to zinc fumes can result in“Zinc Fever”or“Metal Fume Fever”
暴光的鋅可能引起自燃或金屬灰發(fā)燒
Cadmium Plating 
電鍍鉻	Exposure to cadmium fumes can be toxic
暴光的鉻氣可能引起中毒
Lead-Containing paints 
含鉛油漆	Exposure to  lead fumes can be toxic
可能引起中毒
Zinc chromate paints 
含鋅鉻酸鹽的油漆	Hexavalent chromium is associated with lung cancer
六價(jià)鉻離子可能引起肺癌
備注：27
Fumes and Gasses
煙塵和廢氣 
③
Gasses
廢氣
Asphyxiates (inert)
使窒息(惰性氣體)
Irritants
刺激性氣體
Systemic poisons
全身的毒氣

Carbon dioxide
Argon 
Carbon monoxide
二氧化碳
氬氣
一氧化碳
Ozone
Chlorides
Fluorides
Sulfur dioxide
臭氧
氯化物
氟化物
二氧化硫
Fluorides,
Oxides of Nitrogen
Phosgene
氟化物
氧化氮
光氣
備注：28
Confined Space:
狹小的空間：
Asphyxiates can be very hazardous in confined spaces.
在狹小的空間內(nèi),呼吸不暢是很危險(xiǎn)的。
These gases are heavier than air and can settle in enclosed areas and displace oxygen.
這些氣體比空氣重，并能解決在封閉區(qū)和取代氧氣。
Always use some type of ventilation to keep fresh air flowing in this type of environment.
總要使用一些通風(fēng)器以保持新鮮空氣的流動(dòng)，在這種類型的環(huán)境。
There may not be any warning signs of oxygen deficiency. You may simply lose consciousness.
可能沒有任何警告標(biāo)志的氧氣不足。你可能很容易失去意識(shí)。
Fumes and Gasses
煙塵和廢氣 
③
備注：29
Gases produced by welding:
焊接產(chǎn)生的氣體：
Care must be taken when using cleaning solvents formulated with chlorinated hydrocarbons.
必須注意當(dāng)使用清洗溶劑與氯化碳?xì)浠衔?
Trichloroethylene and Perchloroethylene are examples of these.
氯乙烯和全氯乙烯是這些的例子。
When vapors from these cleaning solvents are exposed to UV from the welding arc, Phosgene gas is produced. 
當(dāng)蒸汽從這些清洗溶劑是暴露在紫外線從焊接電弧，光氣是天然氣生產(chǎn)。

Fumes and Gasses
煙塵和廢氣 
③
備注：30
Ozone can be a problem when welding Aluminum
當(dāng)焊接鋁件時(shí)臭氧是一個(gè)問題。
Can cause headache, chest pain, and shortness of breath.
能導(dǎo)致頭痛,胸悶和呼吸短促。
Very high levels of exposure to ozone can cause fluid to build up in the lungs and even death.
非常嚴(yán)重的暴露于臭氧中能使流進(jìn)肺中和甚至死亡。
Fumes and Gasses
煙塵和廢氣 
③
Gases produced by welding:
焊接產(chǎn)生的氣體：
備注：31
The production of Ozone depends on the type of filler metal used.
臭氧的產(chǎn)生主要依靠那種焊絲被使用。
The use of 4043 filler metal causes the formation of ozone.
使用4043焊絲能導(dǎo)致臭氧的產(chǎn)生。
Fumes and Gasses
煙塵和廢氣 
③
Gases produced by welding:
焊接產(chǎn)生的氣體：
備注：32
Reducing the Risk:
減少危險(xiǎn)：
Keep your head out of the welding plume.
保持你的頭部離開焊接廢氣。
Fumes and Gasses
煙塵和廢氣 
③
備注：33
Reducing the Risk:
減少危險(xiǎn)：
Fumes and Gasses
煙塵和廢氣 
③
Use local fume extraction devices to help remove the fume.
利用局部的排煙裝置，以幫助排走煙氣。
備注：34
Reducing the Risk:
減少危險(xiǎn)：
Fumes and Gasses
煙塵和廢氣 
③
Use filters or other devices to filter the air in your breathing zone.
在你呼吸地方使用過濾器或其他裝置，以過濾空氣。
備注：35
Reducing the Risk:
減少危險(xiǎn)：
Fumes and Gasses
煙塵和廢氣 
③
In some cases it may be necessary to remove the coating from the base metal before welding.
在某些情況下，也許要先清理涂層從金屬母材上在焊前
Make sure you know the proper way to remove the coating. Grinding some coatings may be just as hazardous as welding.
確保您知道正確的做法對(duì)于清理涂層。磨削有些涂料可能只是為減少焊接危險(xiǎn)
備注：36
Burns are one of the most common hazards faced in all welding processes.
燒傷是最常見的危險(xiǎn)在所有焊接工作中。
Arc radiation, sparks, spatter, and the parts themselves can cause serious injury.
電弧輻射，火花飛濺及零件本身可能導(dǎo)致嚴(yán)重傷害。
Burns and Fire
燒傷和火災(zāi) 
④
備注：37
Protective Clothing and Gear. 
防護(hù)服和手套。
Burns and Fire
燒傷和火災(zāi) 
④
Proper gear and clothing can help protect you from these hazards.
適當(dāng)?shù)难b備和服裝可以幫助您避免這些危害。
Welding Mask
Welding Gloves
Dust Mask
Protective Clothing 
Welding Apron
備注：38
Cleaning solvents and degreasers are flammable and pose a severe fire and explosion hazard.
清洗溶劑和脫脂劑是易燃的及構(gòu)成嚴(yán)重火災(zāi)和爆炸危險(xiǎn)。
Burns and Fire
燒傷和火災(zāi) 
④
Fire is also a major concern associated with welding.
火災(zāi)也是焊接時(shí)主要要考慮的。
These substances should be kept out of the welding area.
這些物質(zhì)應(yīng)遠(yuǎn)離焊接區(qū)域貯存。
備注：39
Materials such as paper and rags are combustible and can be ignited by sparks and spatter from the welding process.
材料如紙張和抹布都是易燃物，可點(diǎn)燃的火花飛濺從焊接過程中。免費(fèi)資料關(guān)注公眾號(hào):安全生產(chǎn)管理。
These materials can smolder for hours before catching fire.
這些材料在著火前能悶燒幾個(gè)小時(shí)。
All combustible materials should be kept off the floor and out of the immediate welding area.
所有可燃材料應(yīng)保存在地面上，且于眼能看到的焊接區(qū)域。
These materials should be placed in a fire proof container at the end of the shift. 
這些材料應(yīng)保管在防火的柜子的最里面。
Keep garbage cans covered near the welding area.
確認(rèn)焊接區(qū)附近的垃圾桶要蓋上。
Notice:
注意：
備注：免費(fèi)資料關(guān)注公眾號(hào):安全生產(chǎn)管理
Cigarette lighters should be kept out of pants or shirt pockets as these can explode when welding spatter comes in contact with and melts through the plastic shell.
打火機(jī)不應(yīng)該放在褲子或襯衣口袋里，因?yàn)檫@些焊渣飛濺能接觸到塑料外殼使其可能發(fā)生爆炸。
Can explode with the same force as 3 sticks of dynamite.
其爆炸的破壞力相當(dāng)于3倍量的炸藥。
Burns and Fire
燒傷和火災(zāi) 
④
備注：41
Store cylinders away from heat.
貯存氣瓶遠(yuǎn)離熱。
Be sure contents are clearly identified. 
確保所稱裝氣體是明顯的。
Mark empty cylinders “EMPTY”
用”EMPTY”標(biāo)記空瓶。
Use only in an upright and chained position.
僅在豎立狀態(tài)下和束縛位置使用。
Make sure the protective cap is in place whenever the cylinder is not connected for use.
無論在使用或是不使用時(shí)，氣瓶的保護(hù)蓋一直要使用。
Compressed Gas Cylinders
壓縮天然氣氣瓶
⑤
備注：42
Do not drag, drop or roll cylinders.
不能扯拽，投下及滾動(dòng)氣瓶
Never strike an arc on cylinders.
不能在氣瓶上觸擊電弧 
Keep welding cables and the welding circuit away from cylinders.
保持焊接電纜及焊接電路遠(yuǎn)離氣瓶
Keep oil and grease away from oxygen, it can explode when pressurized.
保持油和油脂遠(yuǎn)離氧氣，當(dāng)加壓是它可能發(fā)生爆炸
Always leave some gas (50 psi) in the cylinder to prevent contamination and mixing of gasses.
保持氣瓶里剩余一些氣體（50磅壓力），防止氣瓶污染或者混入其他氣體。
Compressed Gas Cylinders
壓縮天然氣氣瓶
⑤
備注：43
Noise is a problem with many operations on the shop floor. Ear plugs are required when on the shop floor.
噪音是車間里許多作業(yè)都有的問題，所以在車間里需要耳塞。
 Not only will they protect you from noise, but will keep spatter out of your ears as well.
耳塞既能幫你減少噪音，還可以防止飛濺物進(jìn)到耳朵里。
Noise
噪音
⑥
備注：44
Take Responsibility for
your own personal safety.
備注：45

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水利電力最新內(nèi)容

07-23